The Color Purple Essay Example

The Color Purple Paper Contrast how Celie and Jeanette bargain and the impact of Mr. ____ and Mother in The Color Purple and Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit. Allude to the manner in which structure and language exhibits their flexibility. The two heroes look for others for the solace they are missing from Mr. ___ and Mother, yet neither Shug nor Melanie or Katy can genuinely make up for what they have lost. Shugs relinquishment of Celie seems to hurt her more than Mr. ____s physical maltreatment could possibly do: My heart broke. Shug love another person. Celie shouldn't be knowledgeable, and Walkers language shouldn't be refined to show the agony that Celie is feeling. These two short sentences make colossal effect, especially as they open one of the letters/petitions. It additionally summons more compassion here from the peruser due to the amount Shug intends to Celie, My life stop with Mr. ___ yet fire up again with Shug. Celie, as Jeanette, loses little when her essential parental figure is uncaring, yet loses everything when her perfect partner is, I feel my heart start to squeeze I spread it with my hand. This signal is so painfully impactful in view of its effortlessness, and in light of the fact that it is so kid like; Celie has not been shown some other method to adapt. Wintersons depiction, however progressively point by point, portrays a strikingly comparative response to misfortune from Jeanette: We sobbed well into the night perspiring and crying with stirred up bodies and swollen appearances. It is obvious that the two characters respond indistinguishably when enduring, due to not getting the physical solace they merit from those that ought to give it. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Color Purple explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The Color Purple explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The Color Purple explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer There is no uncertainty, in any case, that discovering this solace from another source helps Jeanette and Celie, regardless of whether it is just brief, I was charmed. She was my companion, and I wasnt used to that. This is especially obvious in The Color Purple: Shug, all through the novel, gives Celie energy, certainty, and consolation, For the first run through in my life, I feel perfectly and is everything that Mr. ____ isn't. Walkers tale is so ground-breaking in view of the advancement we see in Celie, basically in light of Shugs support. Toward the start, Celie is delicate, with little positive thinking, yet after Shug, Nettie and Sofia go about as motivation, she can stand up to Mr. _____: Your dead body only the doormat I need. This is such a difference to Celies prior conduct, however shows strength instead of hesitant acknowledgment. In spite of the fact that not in a similar way, Jeanette finds comparable physical solace in Melanie that she needs her mom: We never typically contacted with the exception of out of frustration. Melanie, Katy and Miss Jewsbury be that as it may, are not motivation for Jeanette, yet simply figures throughout her life that will offer solace. Celie and Jeanette vary as far as certainty, yet not in their requirement for help: Knowing Melanie was an a lot more joyful thing I required that sort of companion. Here, Winterson could be proposing that Jeanette even perceived that she was inadequate with regards to that sort of companion, which isn't far-fetched, as Jeanettes language shows a specific savvy, lenient quality all through the novel. The utilization of the modifier a lot more joyful unmistakably shows the positive impact Melanie has, and that Jeanette despite everything accepted that their relationship, looking back, was beneficial. Idealism frames an enormous piece of Celie and Jeanettes capacity to be strong; through confidence or dream, the two characters discover a method of diverting themselves from their bothersome reality: Most occasions I imagine I aint there. Celies letters/petitions are proof enough of her successive idealism, and keeping in touch with God or Nettie is utilized as a discharge. Jeanette in any case, utilizes fantasies and emblematic stories to communicate. The monstrosity of Mothers impact on Jeanette is appeared in the manner even the anecdotal characters she makes depend on the real world. Indeed, even in dream, she can't really get away. The epic contains a few references to records of Sir Perceval leaving King Arthur, just as a rulers mission to locate the ideal lady. The last is unmistakably illustrative of Mother needing Jeanette to be a guardian angel: She would get a kid, train it, fabricate it, devote it to the Lord. This language isn't normal of a moms to a youngster, yet rather depicting some development venture; the kid isn't portrayed as human, with explicit and concentrated necessities, however rather an article to be gotten through a procedure. The action word train isn't normally connected with parenthood, yet has increasingly military meanings, proposing a clear absence of friendship from Mother that is recognized by Jeanette. Jeanette likewise alludes to characters in writing as good examples, something Celie can't do as a result of her absence of training, So I was distant from everyone else. I thought of Jane Eyre, who confronted numerous preliminaries and was consistently fearless. Likewise to the ridiculous desires her mom has of her, Jeanette is putting together her conduct with respect to an anecdotal character, anticipating a lot of herself: I need a lady who is great. This is abnormally nai ve of Jeanette, an ordinarily target character who appears to be far more shrewd than her years on occasion, however shows how her Mother has affected her as far as making progress toward something unimaginably far off, It must exist since I need it. The urgency for flawlessness appeared with the utilization of the modular action word should completely passes on the weight Jeanette is under to fit in with her moms goals. Getting away into a dreamland is her solitary genuine chance to endeavor to stay strong. One huge distinction between the story voices in the two books is the weight they face to revolt or adjust. While Celie is continually being scolded for not confronting Mr. ____, Jeanette faces cruel analysis for wandering from the severe limits of her religion: Youre a disrespect. The two heroes in the long run surrender to this weight, and Celie develops in quality while Jeanette acknowledges that contending accomplishes nothing: No mum, I answered, dislike that by any stretch of the imagination. However, she wasnt tuning in. This huge pass in correspondence is disillusioning in a relationship that ought to be as close and steady as that of a mother and girl, and summons compassion from the peruser towards Jeanettes character, just as antagonistic vibe for the character of Mother. Indeed, even Jeanettes dreams mirror her hesitance to contend with Mother: any individual who can't help contradicting the Prince, her dream equal, is executed. Not at all like Celies affections for Mr. ____, Jeanette doesn't talk about being in dread of her mom, yet rather acknowledges that encounter isn't powerful: Well that is that at that point, I thought. What's more, it was. The way that Jeanette, as the account voice, can affirm that her prior considerations were right, shows how regularly she should encounter this. It additionally mirrors a specific development at having the option to evaluate a circumstance, and leave on the off chance that it can't be settled. Her clarification of Pastor Finchs whereabouts even shows mind at such a youthful age: playing with the fluffy felt, adding this humiliating point of interest simply to give her development and eye for humor over the Pastor. The utilization of first individual account permits us to obviously perceive how Jeanette and Celie are discovering methods of adapting. Shockingly, there is basically no utilization of refusal by either hero: an average adapting method. They are both legit, and this story structure permits the peruser to see their real emotions, with no motivation to shroud anything. Jeanettes response to Pastor Finch isn't honest; she doesn't disclose to him that she was simply starting to appreciate a modify of Daniel in the lions lair, however rather goes about as though it was a slip-up, putting on my best, honored face. The modifier best could even propose that she is so used to these circumstances that she has been rehearsing, and now knows which one is the best. She is utilized to the conduct of the grown-ups in her life, and has discovered that fighting will just push her into more difficulty. One key complexity among Celie and Jeanette is their fearlessness. Jeanette, despite the fact that naysayer on occasion, appears to understand her latent capacity, and is once in a while self indulging: I can't remember when I didn't realize that I was unique. Celie, notwithstanding, has a reasonable relationship among ladies and mistreatment, one that is just fortified by the horrifying treatment of Sofia, and one that doesnt ever appear to really leave her. Her insightful perception of Harpo stresses this affiliation: He solid in body however frail in will. He frightened. His eyes be miserable and insightful. His face start to appear as though a lady face. The detail of this portrayal recommends that Celie perceives such an extensive amount herself in Harpo, the last line being especially moving. It suggests that through her experience, and Mr. ____s impact, bitterness has been inseparably connected to being a lady, especially using the action word start. Harpos dread and downfall is just a single part of the enthusiastic seclusion that Celie feels, making the peruser question precisely what a lady face resembles to Celie, if dread and misery structure just the establishment. The heroes love interests are both impolite when they are first presented, yet neither Celie nor Jeanette are debilitated by Melanies Ive said no and Shugs You sure is appalling, regardless of their unpolished and rough tone. Mr. ___ and Mothers steady psychological mistreatment leaves them anticipating an absence of passionate help in a relationship, and results in them tolerating that society will consistently treat them like this: There was nothing for me to do except for ponder my destiny lie still. The utilization of the action word mull over connections to Jeanettes dependence on petition, and the way that there is nothing for her to do except for

Desegregation Debate

The test of integrating schools was brought upon in 1954 by five separate legal disputes, eventually consolidated and called Brown v. The Board of Education. In spite of the fact that each case was unique, they all rotated around the fundamental contention that isolation itself abused the â€Å"equal security under the laws† ensured by the Fourteenth Amendment, and had inconvenient mental consequences for Negroes. Isolation was quite often started by whites, and started on the premise that blacks were second rate and unwanted. A feeling of mediocrity influences the inspiration of a youngster to learn. At the point when blacks permitted themselves to acknowledge their status at the different school, the impact on their characters was interminably more regrettable than any difficult they may experience in an incorporated school. This component turned into a noticeable piece of the lawful body of evidence against isolation (Stephan 9). The greatest contention against integration was the recognition that blacks were not as smart as whites. Since the Fourteenth Amendment didn't ensure the privilege to quality instruction, if a school decided not to acknowledge them, there was nothing that should be possible legitimately. Long after the â€Å"separate yet equal† principle became law, plainly blacks were to be sure discrete, however they were not equivalent. Isolation despite everything had a firm hold in the regions of state funded training, open transportation, lodgings and cafés, emergency clinics, lodging and branches of the United States Government (Stephan 7). A model was the situation of McLaurin v. Oklahoma Board of Regents of Higher Education in 1950. George McLaurin was conceded on an isolated premise to the doctoral level college of the University of Oklahoma because of a government locale court request. He was required to sit in a waiting room outside of his classes and was given separate tables at the library and cafeteria (Stephan 11). The consumption dissimilarity among white and dark kids was colossal in certain regions of the nation. In the South, the normal consumption for white youngsters was $44. 00, however was just $13. 00 for dark kids. In Georgia, the figures were $35. 00 versus $6. 00 and in Mississippi, $45. 00 versus $5. 00. Considering the national normal per student use was $99. 0, unmistakably the educational system was independent and inconsistent and blacks were not getting a lot (Stephan 8). There was likewise the expense of coordinating schools to lawful particulars. To limit transportation costs and to suit qualifications between suburbia and the downtown, the individuals who should pay those expenses were the individuals who lived close to the ghetto inside as far as possible. Despite the fact that the expense was close to isolation had forced on working class dark individuals, the whites contended that they presently needed to pay more cash in duties to take care of a difficult that wasn't their shortcoming. Dark kids were bound to go to a downtown school and they felt that as an end-result of their charges they would get an expansion in wrongdoing and a lower standard of instruction (Stephan 175). Another significant contention in regards to integration was the way that there was by right (by law) isolation in the south and true (by geology) isolation in the north, with the separating factor being â€Å"purpose or plan to isolate. † (Stephan 91) Every standing court request identified with school integration depended on the disclosures of by law isolation, either in the north or south. For each situation, the courts found that neighborhood school regions and once in a while state instructive offices too, had deliberately completed arrangements prompting or fortifying isolation (Stephan 122). One of the drawbacks of integration, be that as it may, was the manner in which it decimated the ethnicity of blacks. While they were isolated, it was simple for them to keep up their African-American foundation. When they turned out to be a piece of a coordinated educational system, they had to fit in with white society's perspectives on clothing standard, religion and conduct. The transporting issue was viewed as â€Å"an instructive catastrophe. † Whereas already, dark kids had been transported significant distances to isolated schools, presently they were transporting white kids to coordinated schools. It didn't help the minority kids and it hurt the white collar class kids, making clashes where they weren't any previously. The white working class families who felt damaged by having blacks being transported into their schools and neighborhoods encouraged threats. When revolting broke out, it turned out to be not kidding to such an extent that the police and National Guard were brought in to secure the dark understudies. What's more, it expanded instructive expenses with the expansion of new transports and the compensations of the drivers, and risked the wellbeing and security of youngsters (Stephan 123). As per the administration, the reason for integration was to coordinate the populace with the desire that racially, financially and socially hindered youngsters would profit and subsequently upgrade their capacities of getting the information expected to secure higher status and better employments. With the entirety of the elements adding to the issues of integration, clearly the blacks were trapped in a hopeless scenario. They were at that point viewed as intellectually substandard compared to whites because of the white impression of them during the hours of subjection. Presently they were endeavoring to expand their insight level, yet their mediocrity was making them be prohibited from similar instruction that whites were accepting. When they were at long last conceded rights into the schools, the pressure they were encountering caused considerably progressively mental issues and learning inabilities. During this time, it was overlooked that the significant capacity of schools was and consistently will be to teach, and that ought to never be founded on race, religion or shading.

5 Reasons Why Most Bloggers Quit Blogging Within 6 Months

5 Reasons Why Most Bloggers Quit Blogging Within 6 Months Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Reasons Why Most Bloggers Quit Blogging Within 6 MonthsUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : Harshit SinghalTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://bit.ly/2ozr8KS CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogAlthough Blogging is definitely lucrative and there are thousands of successful bloggers who make a lot of money every month, the bitter truth is that a large majority of bloggers fail and quit blogging just within 6 months of starting their blog. In fact out of every 100 newbie bloggers, around 90 hang up their boots even before enjoying a trivial amount of success.Why does this happen? Why do newbie bloggers find it hard to stand out in this ever expanding blogosphere? In this post Ill discuss some reasons why this happens and hopefully you can learn some lessons from it too.1. Looking for quick moneyAs it often happens, when people read about the success stories of others they get mot ivated by the desire to earn quick money and replicate their success. As making a blog requires only a small investment  initially, and some bloggers regularly post huge monthly incomes, newbie bloggers tend to think they can also do the same with ease.However it generally doesnt happen that way since they look at blogging like an easy way of making money overnight, which is the reason why they dont bother about putting in long hours in their blogging pursuits. However just like any other Business, blogging also requires a lot of hard work initially, which most newbie bloggers dont seem to understand, leading to lack of results and disappointment. Check the 3 Rules you should follow before you make money blogging.2. Not passionate about writingThough I may sound rude but its always better to crush  unrealistic  expectations. The fact is that blogging is not just for anyone and one can only succeed if he has a penchant for writing, which is not the case with most new bloggers out the re. Thus those newbie bloggers who dont have a knack for writing or dont enjoy writing find themselves slacking off after a while and they are unable to come up with good content on a regular basis, which makes them shy away from posting frequently on their blogs. Always remember, dont get bogged down when Blogging.3. Lack of MotivationThough most bloggers start out with a bang and are extremely motivated in the beginning, adding content regularly in the first month or so, this motivation starts fading away with each passing month, and the period between the third and sixth month involves the maximum struggle since it is a make or break time for the blogger. Those who quit are generally the ones who dont have the motivation left to continue their blogging pursuits, while the ones that manage to overcome this period generally end up on the winning side. If you are tired of writing, here are 7 tips to overcome that.READ4 Things To Do When You Are Not Blogging4. Not enough topicsWhile starting out every blogger thinks that adding content should be a piece of cake and they would somehow be able to add lots of quality content to their blog. As a matter of fact, adding content involves as much research as the writing part, which these bloggers dont realize and they either end up copying other bloggers articles or not writing at all, both of which are extremely harmful for the growth of the blog. Here are some useful posts to get inspiration:5 Ways You Can Get Fresh Content Inspiration4 Tips to Find Unlimited Blog Post Ideas5. The Unavoidable renewalThough this may sound strange, but I personally know many bloggers who invested in setting up their blogs, thinking that they would recover the money in no time and then renew their hosting accounts with the same. However when they dont earn much in the first few months and the renewal time for their blog is up, they are unwilling to invest any more money as they are skeptical whether blogging can make them any money at a ll and they end up abandoning their blogs as a result.I hope that any new bloggers reading this post currently will be able to learn from these common mistakes committed by most bloggers, and remain dedicated and focused on their goal to become a better blogger.IMAGE CREDIT: ISTOCKPHOTOThis article is written by Harshit Singhal. He is a blogger, tech enthusiast and freelance writer. He gives blogging tips on his blog Exceptional Blogger. If you wish to write for HBB, kindly check this.

Issues of Cultural Diversity and Diet - 810 Words

Cultural Diversity-African American Diet In the present time the African American culture changed quite a bit in being removed from where they as a people originated or should I say their homeland from whence they came. African American people are a people who are influenced tremendously from their fore fathers and mothers who lived in the southern part of the United States. The nomenclature for this group is to include African American, Black Americans or people of color. I prefer to use African American at this time since I am preferably writing about my own cultural background. The food habits of African Americans originated and resolved around food. They are a society who are based around religious ceremonies and celebrations to†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately this tends to lead to a lot of obesity among them. A lot of the problem is contributed to the many celebrations that we celebrate with foods that just throw caution to the wind so to speak. How ever, people are not all alike and everyone, believe it or not is different especially when it come to culture. Each culture is bought up different. How they socialize depends entirely on their cultural upbringing which includes religion, education and even sexual orientation. With the nature of variations in each cultural group we should never be generalized or taken for granted that the characteristics apply to all individuals of one cultural group. The diversity of cultural eating is a main issue in America. References: Jones, Paul. The Blackhealth Library Guide to Heart Disease and Hypertension, Henry Holt and Company, Inc, New York,Show MoreRelatedMulticultural Communities and Multi-Faith Practices1103 Words   |  4 Pagesdecade, Ireland became an increasing multicultural community from different nationalities accompanying multi-faith practices.[1] Despite the acknowledgment of the fact that diversity of race, religion, language, and cultural background between people is crucial in the healthcare environment, it is more important to develop cultural competency in hospitals to ensure high-quality health care service exclusive of inequalities and responsive to the requirements of the diverse patients.[2][3] This reportRead MoreDiabetes in the United States Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pages The United States is a collection of multicultural and diverse individuals and communities (Dreachlin, Gilbert, Malone, 2013). People of all races, ethnicities, religions, and diversities, each with their own uniqueness, now comprise our health care system. However; in one way we are all the same. Our bodies are all subject to disease. Currently, Diabetes is our nation’s seventh leading cause of death. Diabetes A Systems Approach Because we are all physiologically the same there areRead MoreCross Cultural Perspectives On Business And Management1249 Words   |  5 Pagesme Page  » Business and Management Cross Cultural Perspectives In: Business and Management Cross Cultural Perspectives Cross-Cultural Perspectives Bobby Baker ETH/316 Ethics and Social Responsibility August 21, 2014 Instructor Lisa M. Sparaco â€Å"In an attempt to improve its global image, McDonald’s culture outside United States has been closely linked to the possibility of it bringing changes in dietary trends. Statistics shows that the governments and the health care advocates are feared toRead MoreHypertension In Nursing1340 Words   |  6 Pagesimprove or optimize health. The purpose of this paper is to research current evidence based practices for treating and managing hypertension in comparison with the practice of health promotion and maintenance NCSBN category while addressing a clinical issue of hypertension and also suggesting a solution to the problem. Current evidenced-based practice guidelines for treatment of hypertension was created by a panel of the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8), whom reviewed peer-reviewed research andRead MoreCultural Competency in Nursing Care1697 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Competency in Nursing Care Dorcas Jacobs Grand Canyon University: NRS 429V Family Centered Health Promotion September 29, 2013 Cultural Competency in Nursing Care As the United States becomes more and more culturally diverse one cannot help but be exposed to various cultures and worldviews. America has long been called the melting pot, and that term has never been truer than it is today. According to Green and Reinckens (2013) the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that by the year 2041Read MoreCultural competency in Nursong Care1684 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Cultural Competency in Nursing Care Dorcas Jacobs Grand Canyon University: NRS 429V Family Centered Health Promotion September 29, 2013 Cultural Competency in Nursing Care As the United States becomes more and more culturally diverse one cannot help but be exposed to various cultures and worldviews. America has long been called the melting pot, and that term has never been truer than it is today. According to Green and Reinckens (2013) the U.S. Census Bureau estimates thatRead MoreHeritage Assessment968 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant measure towards better understanding of cultural competency, or recognition of diversity. A person’s culture, beliefs, heritage, and language have a substantial impact both as a patient and a health care provider within the health care system. (Spector, 2009). The healthy people 2010 goal â€Å"eliminating all health disparities† implies the need for all healthcare providers to be client centered and culturally competent. Increasing diversity of the United States population is a reality inRead MoreCultural Diversity of Russian Population1511 Words   |  7 PagesCULTURAL DIVERSITY OF RUSSIAN POPULATION 2 Cross cultural issues arise from differences in values, behavior and thinking between Americans and people from other countries. Misunderstandings frequently result from cultural differences which lead to ineffective communication and implications for the healthcare system (Kaakinen, Gedaly-Duff, Coehlo, amp; Harmon Hansen, 2010). In orderRead MoreAmeric A Unique Combination Of Many Cultures Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesmany different countries throughout our culture. America allows different beliefs and cultures to represent the diversity that this country has. Some people see diversity as an asset, while others see it as a downfall. We have many different religions in the country, which occasionally causes problems. Different races and views of races also cause problems, and is a current major issue in America. China is extremely different from America, but we do share some similarities. China is not a diverseRead MoreUnderstanding The Chinese Culture Of A Chinese Patient1205 Words   |  5 PagesMany health care professionals think that if patients are just treated with respect, then cultural issues will be avoided. That statement is not the correct. Five points of area that affect nursing care when taking care of a Chinese patient, are the cultural beliefs with medical treatments, who and when to discuss the prognosis and medical treatment to, dietary beliefs, pregnancies beliefs, and death and dying. Many Chinese people believe in traditional Chinese medical treatments, and

The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Europe Essay...

The Industrial Revolution hit Europe and along with it came a great deal of change. Not only did this industrial revolution affect standards of living in cities, it also affected greatly the nature and quality of labor. The Industrial Revolution had an impact of the greatest magnitude on Europe and has shaped the work style and nature of labor that Europeans know today. Although it may seem like a revolution of this sort would have great benefits for those who lived through it, evidence seems to show otherwise. For many it was difficult to adapt to this new world of industrial labor and for others it was a bit easier to adjust. Preindustrial labor, or â€Å"old† labor, was not easy. Days were long and pay was never sufficient enough for†¦show more content†¦Preindustrial labor often gave a strong sense of individualism, independence, and satisfaction. To many the old system of labor seemed luxurious compared to the new type of work the Industrial Revolution brought. One would think industrialization would bring better paying jobs and more employment opportunities, but the stories of the people who lived through the Industrial Revolution say otherwise. Workers faced long days, if not even longer days than those who worked in preindustrial times. Even though work hours were somewhat the same as preindustrial labor, the way those hours were carried out differed greatly. Laborers no longer had the comfort of working alongside and socializing with their families nor the power to control their pace of work. Workers would now be punished and penalized for doing such things. Companies would enforce punctuality and pace usually by correlating it with a worker’s pay. The less punctual and lazier you were, the more fines and the more pay decreases you would suffer. The nature of this new labor emphasized more on the importance of the company rather than the individual. Companies often had little concern when their workers suffered. If someone was in capable of performing their duties, there was always somebody else to take their place. It was unfortunate because many of these workers who were unable to perform well at their job often suffered fromShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Revolutions During Europe During The Industrial Revolution1298 Words   |  6 PagesIndustrial Revolution in Europe Before the industrial revolution, Europe was mostly dominated by farmers but as the industrial revolution progressed this changed dramatically. Industrial revolution had a significant impact in the process by making new demands that shaped the way of life through increased competition and technological innovation. Generally, it was a historical period that sparked in a stroke a number numerous changes in the economic, social and political dimensions. It is consideredRead MorePositive and Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution1144 Words   |  5 PagesPositive and Negative Impacts of the Industrial Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Industrial Revolution was a change in the mid-18th  century from small scale, domestic production of goods to machine-based, mass production of goods. It is usually thought of as having mostly or only positive impacts on Europe. Although the revolution did have many positive impacts, it had its fair share of negative impacts as well. Some of the positive outcomes included the overall increase in production and value ofRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesAs the Industrial Revolution took place, many drastic changes†¦ technological, social, economic, and cultural also occurred. The Industrial Age brought about a new order that gave rise to the world of skyscrapers, factories of mass-production, and electronic devices that we are accustomed to today. The everyday lives of ordinary people underwent a dramatic change for the better. Before the Industrial Age, people lived very simple and hardworking lives. Any food or clothing they had was produce d byRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution in Europe1217 Words   |  5 Pageswas rising immensely. Concepts like partnerships and selling shares were introduced during this time period. The process of the Industrial Revolution was rapid in Western Europe however, by the 1900 all of Europe was involved. Over all, the effects of the revolution changed the way materials are transported, how products are made, on a global basis.The Industrial Revolution was a critical turning point in European history because the changes made are integral in the modern age. The inventions madeRead More Economy and Society in Europe During 1848 Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesEconomy and Society in Europe During 1848 The revolutionary year of 1848 was an extraordinary period in which popular disturbances brought down the government of many countries. The revolts were very widespread, seriously affecting about fifty countries in Europe.1 It ranged from an enormous area, ranging from the Atlantic to the Ukraine, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean. Factors that contributed to these revolts included: the potato crop had been destroyed, food riots broke out, and financialRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words   |  7 Pagesunrests especially the French Revolution that took over from the eighteenth century to the nineteenth century. The turmoil of the French Revolution spread throughout Europe and other nations. Kornblum (2008) suggests that the political upheavals were associated with tremendous social changes. The political revolutions demolished the old social order and monarchies. There was social chaos and disorder in societies that were resulted in by the political revolutions especially in the French societyRead MoreFrench Revolution1740 Words   |  7 PagesTHE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French Revolution, which erupted in 1789 marked a turning point inthe history of human struggle for freedom and equality. It put an end tothe age of feudalism and ushered in a new order of society. An outline of  this revolution will explain to you the kind of turmoil that occurred inEurope. This revolution brought about far reaching changes in not onlyFrench society but in societies throughout Europe. Even countries in othercontinents such as, India, were influencedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century955 Words   |  4 Pages19th centuries Europe found itself dealing with vast changes in its way of life. The Industrial Revolution took Europeans from the rural countryside into the urban powerhouses as the continent experienced a sudden shift in everyday living, economic structure, and social hierarchy. This sudden change in how Europe was ran from an economic standpoint caused yet another rift between the proletariats and bourgeoisies. Life became dif ficult for the newly founded working class of Europe as shown in FriedrichRead MoreEffects Of The Columbian Exchange1121 Words   |  5 PagesColumbian Exchange is often looked at and thought of for all of the good things it brought, like the exchange of animals, plants, and food between the Old World and the New World. But the Columbian Exchange also included the transfer of diseases between Europe and the Americas.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Old World diseases were transferred European sailors to Native Americans. The diseases played at least as big of role in defeating the Native Americans as advanced weaponry did (Craig). In the first 20 years after the firstRead MoreThe Impact of the Napoleonic Wars on Industrialization810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Napoleonic wars did have a large impact on industrialization in Britain, the United States and Europe as a result of realizations and actions taken to better their countries after the Napoleonic wars. Although the Industrial Revolution began in Britain during the 1700s it was boosted in the early 1800s after the Napoleonic wars because of reform that was needed. Industrialization then started spreading throughout Europe and into North America in the early 1800s. By the mid-1800s industrialization

The Death Of Gang Research - 1637 Words

In the early twentieth century, the term â€Å"gang† was associated with groups in socially disorganized and deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods: It was applied to juveniles who engaged in a variety of delinquencies, ranging from truancy, street brawls, and beer running to race riots, robberies, and other serious crimes (Regoli, Hewitt, DeLisi, 2011). There were several gangs within the United States, which included street gangs, prison gangs, motorcycle gangs, and organized crime gangs that still exist today. The word â€Å"gang† is derived from the word â€Å"gonge,† which is a term that means a journey. Frederic Thrasher who was called the â€Å"Father of Gang Research†, who defined the word gang as kids in the streets back in the 1920s. Many of the American gangs began in urban areas and they still exist. It is said that many of the known street gangs originated in some of the major cities like Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Miami and New York, and they later moved to other American cities such as Atlanta, Cleveland, St. Louis, Dallas, Memphis, Nashville, New Orleans, Milwaukee, Orlando, Houston, and Detroit. According to the 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment, published by the National Gang Intelligence Center, some 33,000 gangs were estimated to be operating in the United States in 2011, comprising an estimated 1.4 million members (Driscoll, 2013). Some of the first predecessors of street gangs were Secret Societies, Gangs of Outlaws in the Wild West,Show MoreRelatedResearch On Disengagement From Gangs779 Words   |  4 PagesDesistance Research on disengagement from gangs has not been widely looked at, yet most research conducted has been so from within the United States (Gormally, S. 2015). The common term utilized throughout research on this topic is ‘desistance’. According to Kazemian (2009), desistance generally defines the cessation or termination of offending or other delinquent behavior. Two types of desistance occur, both primary desistance and secondary desistance. Furthermore a suggestion in upcoming research stateRead More Innocent Children, Violent Gangs Essay examples1169 Words   |  5 PagesInnocent Children, Violent Gangs      Ã‚   18, 059 violent felonies, 690 deaths, and 13,000 hard-core killers. What is the horrible cause of these striking statistics? Gangs. Gangs are a problem in nearly every state and 83 percent of the largest cities in the United States. The problem of gangs and their negative impact on the communities they exist in continues to grow and nothing seems to be able to stop this powerful growth. Gangs not only exist in just inner cities anymore, but in townsRead MoreArgument Analysis : Freakonomics 1467 Words   |  6 Pagesintriguing thought by authors, Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. The Freakonomics authors follow a courageous man, Sudhir Venkatesh, a student at the University of Chicago, in his effort to understand and research the mysterious drug dealing business. Venkatesh first approached dangerous gangs and dealers in Chicago with a simple survey to learn more about them. After stumbling upon a branch of the â€Å"Black Gangster Disciple Nation†, Venkat esh wanted to take his study further. J.T., this specific branchesRead MoreThe Support For Gun Rights1156 Words   |  5 Pagesnation. The National Rifle Association was first started as an organization for gun training and marksmanship. After the argument on gun control has recently blown up in the media and politics, the NRA has taken a large part in gun rights. After research was collected from members of the NRA, 32 percent of men said they owned a gun for hunting. The other 68 percent said they owned a gun for hunting and personal protection. In 2014 data was gathered from adults in the United States. 37 percentRead MoreGangs and Violence in the United States Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesIn todays United States we have a huge problem affecting society, gangs and the violence that follows them wherever they go. These days’ gangs aren’t just compiled of grown adults, they often lure in young teens to do dirty work and to add numbers to their turf. Despite laws aimed straight at these gangs they still defy the law and wreak havoc upon the territory that they claim. The members in the gang have a gang first mentality and will do everything possible to provide for and protect their fellowRead MoreHuman Targets : Schools, Police, And The Criminalization Of Latino Youth By Victor Rios1262 Words   |  6 PagesSummary: †¯ The book Human Targets: Schools, Police, and the Criminalization of Latino Youth by Victor Rios explains his five year research specifically on Latino males ages fifteen to twenty-one, involved in gangs in Southern California. He, just like few of the young men he interviewed had a substandard start, but later mentors came into their lives that gave them a good impact. Also, the physical features influence how young Latino men are seen and they are often seen as human targets to authoritiesRead MoreThe Violence Of Gangs And Gangs1377 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have become one of the nation’s fastest growing problems within recent history. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation about 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs with about 2.4 million members are criminally active in the U.S. today. They use violence to control neighborhoods and boost their illegal moneymaking activities, which include but are not limited to: robbery, drug and gun t rafficking, fraud, extortion, and prostitute rings. With as much researchRead MorePrison Gang Integration And Inmate Violence1400 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The reality of prison gangs cannot be over look. Many inmates join gangs for safety and protection during their incarceration. â€Å"Prison gangs is an organization which operates within prison systems as a self-perpetuating entity, consisting a group of inmates who establishes and organize chain of commands† (Pyrooz Mitchell). They also are governed by an established prison code. Research has shown that prison gangs have effects on non-gang members and the prison system. I will examineRead MoreA Research Study At Hand Aimed1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe study at hand aimed to investigate the aspects that lead individuals to join a gang, the reasons as to why they decided to part ways with it, and the consequences that resulted from their affiliation. Through the analysis of interviews and observations, several themes were noticeable such as the initiation to the gang, desistance, consequences, and services offered to help reintegrate into society. Former gang members express ed and constantly mentioned their childhood having a major part in theRead More The Effect of Gangs in There Are No Children Here Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effect of Gangs in There Are No Children Here  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Throughout There Are No Children Here, a continuous, powerful tension always lurks in the background. The gangs that are rampant in the housing projects of Chicago cause this tension. In the Henry Horner Homes, according to Kotlowitz, one person is beaten, shot, or stabbed due to gangs every three days. In one week during the authors study of the projects, police confiscated 22 guns and 330 grams of cocaine in Horner alone (Kotlowitz

A Case Study On Developing Corporate Culture At Argos

1 Task One: Culture and Objectives Question - explain two organisational models which would help achieve the organisational goals in the context of the case study? 1.1 Organizational Objectives and Models of Organizational Culture Different models of culture that are proposed by various researchers helps in the identification of various subsystems and elements in an organization and their interdependency on each other. They have direct impact on the behavior of employees with in a given environment. A few examples can be organizational goals, technology used in the organization, and structure management. The style of interaction that takes place between employees at various levels are primary determinants of behavior in a given culture (Martins and Martins, 2002). In other words organizational culture models can be referred to as qualitative measurement tools that will help the managers to identify where cultural aspects should be improved within an organization to make sure that the company as a whole is ready for achieving organizational objectives (Salleh et.al, 2011). Two models that can be adopted by Argos to ensure realization of their missions are focusing on Task Culture as proposed by Charles Hardy and Work Hard/Play Hard cultural model as proposed by Deal and Kennedy (Ghinea Bratianu, 2012). The reasons are that in Task Culture, stress is on getting the tasks done by bringing together appropriate resources to improve performance. There will be an increase in the efficiency of the group as the companys goals takes precedency over individuals requirements. In the case of Work Hard/Play Hard culture, there will be high levels of energy activity and is optimal for a sales oriented organization. Question - explain the difference between national and organisational culture as well as two theories of national culture and two theories of organisational culture. In each case, the explanation needs to relate to the case study as much as possible? 1.2 National Culture and Organizational Culture National culture can be considered as the highest level of culture that imbibes values and beliefs in people during their childhood and are deep seated in every individuals life. These norms, behaviors and customs tends to be the same with in population of the same country. The relation between both cultures become increasing valid when one considers transferring various management techniques and theories to different places in the world (Nazarian Atkinson, 2012). When it comes to organizational culture, it can be referred to as the collection of norms, values, behavior, beliefs, attitudes that are shared and communicated by management to its employees and then to the stakeholders by imparting a feel of the organization. The national culture theory of Hofstede, describes the national culture in the light of different dimensions including power distance, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. collectivism, indulgence vs. restraint, and long term orientation vs. short term orientation (Nazarian Atkinson, 2012). Trompenars try and define national culture using seven different dimensions that are universalism/particularism, individualism/collectivism, achievement/ascription, neutral/affective, specific/diffuse, internal/external and time orientation (Nazarian Atkinson, 2012). According to the organizational culture model suggested by Schein, there are three levels in which culture exists including the artifacts, espoused values and basic underlying assumptions (Dauber, 2012). There is a distinction between four different domains in organizational culture that includes organizational strategy, organizational culture and identity, organizational design, structure and process and organizational behavior and performance (Hatch Cunliffe, 2006). Question - the analysis of the corporate cultural profile needs to contain a minimum of five key features and must be in the context of the organization in the case study or any organization of the learners choice? 1.3 Corporate Cultural Profile Argos Argos is UKs leading home and general merchandise retailers and operates as two business that are Homebase and Argos. They look forward to shaping the future of shopping through means of retail leadership digitally, multi-channel capability and developing services and product ranges. Argos, is UKs general merchandise retailers and offers value unrivalled, choice and convenience to its customers. These are some of their core cultural values Compelling customer offering: Argos is company that stresses on the convenience of the customers. Hence they focus on ensuring availability of their wide product range and services to customers, by being physically present in places and also through digital leadership and accelerating multi-channels. Cultural values: The basic values are that they believe in winning and makes use of the new opportunities. They believe that change is inevitable and stresses on team work and gives a high amount of stress on the completion of the job. Workplace culture: Employing thousands of people, Argos ensures safe and fair working environment through policies and management on several topics including data protection, emergency and recovery procedures, equal opportunities, safety, training opportunities to develop ones career on the basis of their previous performances. They are motivated through employee benefits and competitive reward packages (Homeretail group, 2015). Corporate governance: Argos adheres to the norms and code of conduct as proposed by government and board of directors, ensuring conformity to the highest standards when it comes to corporate governance. Corporate responsibility: There is a reduction in operation costs by reducing fuel and energy consumption when it comes to operational processes. Argos is trying to create a balance between mutual social and commercial benefits. Question - learners need to show an understanding in their discussion that culture should consistently reinforce what the organization is about, shown through the organisational objectives? 1.4 Organizations corporate culture and achievement of objectives Corporate culture of an organization gives a shared understanding about the mission of a firm including the mission, the strategies undertaken by them, principles and goals, staff beliefs, and explains why organization is the way it is. They are the rules that guides decision making at various levels in any chosen firm. For example, the policies, public statements and activities undertaken by an organization reflects the priorities in a company including safety, integrity, security, learning, improvement etc. it also influences how employees and shareholders associate themselves to the firm and also how day to day business is conducted by the organization. Hence corporate culture of an organization has a direct impact on the effectiveness of an organization (Desson Clouthier, 2010). Employees when relate directly to the culture of the company and adapt to it, performs in a better way towards the fulfillment of these objectives. 2 Task Two:Improving corporate Climate Question - learners need to evaluate the existing corporate climate of an organisation. The evaluation needs to be in the context of what the organisation wants to achieve in terms of its culture. Learners need to demonstrate that they understand that a climate that is right for one organisation may not be right for another, or that a climate may be appropriate for the present but not the future? 2.1 Existing organizational climate Argos Organizational Climate can be explained evaluated with the help of dimensions of climate Structure- works on consensus and not authority Responsibility- Argos tries to be a responsible retailer by reverting positively to the general expectations of the stake holders. This is done by taking inputs from various processes, people and community. Rewards-individual and the company performance leads to rewards and also an opportunity to buy shares of the company. Warmth-A stress is given to the health, safety and wellbeing to the staff of the company and the organization has created a fun loving friendly atmosphere for both its employees and customer. Support- Argos support the customer requirements by giving them an impressive product range. The vision of the company is to have an overriding vision that will create an open and friendly culture, where there will be high performance through team work. Organization identity and loyalty- the policies and code of conduct of the company ensures equal rights to the employees. The company keeps its loyalty to workplace policies and management. Risk- there is always a fair review on the risk and the performance, be in security of human resources or finance by the company regularly taking necessary decisions to avert risks if possible. 2.2 Improving Corporate Climate Organizational climate is shaped by five factors including motivation, change, teamwork, execution and trust. When it comes to motivation, a task should be aligned to the employees that is clearly understood by them followed by a reward structure to keep them motivated. There should be a boost in the morale of the employees and management by ensuring equal rights to all the employees and evaluation based on performance. Imparting certain levels of autonomy will ensure improvement on terms of entrepreneurial spirit and innovation. Change will be required when it comes to de-cluttering of the workspace and so the employees should be prepared for embracing change in the given organization. Stressing on respect and trust for colleagues will help in creation of a sense of purpose and thus leading to the enhancement of organizations climate. Provision of technology is essential for collaborating ideas and making it successful. In certain cases it should be supported by training and develop ment. Review of performance and constructive criticism will improve the performance of employees. Adherence to policies of management will also ensure ethical conduct thereby improving corporate climate with in a given organization. Question - learners need to have a clear rationale in their proposal for a framework for the values that are linked to organisational objectives? 2.3 Framework for organizational values Values can be incorporated in to the organization through a step by step framework ensuring inclusion of all necessary elements that will work towards fulfilling the strategies. The various steps are planning and analyzing, designing, building, delivering and operating as shown below Special strategies have been formulated in Argos for growth in the future. They are attaining digital leadership and becoming a market leader through multi-channel retailing. To concentrate on the portfolio of stores that also acts as pick up points for different multichannel offerings and leading to continued evolution of stores. To attain leadership in products and to provide exclusive brands, make compelling customers offering and to support growth of the organization making good investments (Home Retail Group, 2013). Implementation of this framework prepares the management to manage and analyze the employees talent along with managing both internal as well as external stake holders, after rising up to their expectations. Communications and feedback ensures that the organization is working as a single unit towards realization of strategies checking on major mile stones. Allocation of tasks eliminates clutter and confusion and training and development prepares the employees to hand le the technological as well as managerial challenges successfully. 3 Task Three:Stakeholder Management Question - learners need to identify stakeholders of an organisation before tailoring their communication strategy to satisfy the needs and expectations of the stakeholders? 3.1 Internal and External stakeholders Internal stakeholders are people who are a part of the organization and wants the organization to be successful. It is important to analyze who they are because, their satisfaction is prior because of the accountability that the organization have towards stakeholders (Hill et.al, 2015). Internal stakeholders in the case of Argos are its employees, the management, the directors and owners, the shareholders, trade unions and employee associations. External stakeholders are people who may be impacted in some way because of the decisions that are taken by the organization. In other words they are customers, creditors, government and trade unions, the community as a whole and the customers and suppliers (Hill et.al, 2015). Some of the major stakeholders in Argos includes Marie Cure Cancer care, British Retail consortium, Irish business and Employers Confederation, and International confederation Toy Industries along with their 28,138 shareholders (Home Retail group, 2013). Question - the effectiveness of an existing communication strategy needs to begin with a description recognizing strengths and weaknesses. Learners need to show understanding that some of the current strategy may be fine in the current context of the organisation, but may need to change for a new context? 3.2 Stakeholder communication The industry that Argos operates in is highly dependent on perceptions of customers, there should be a communication between the organization and the stakeholders ensuring that both of them understand each others position and Argos meets their expectations. Argos communicates through press releases, web sites, annual reports, project reports, advertisements and other reviews as imposed by corporate governance, and also informing their plans and strategies in advance (Home Retail group, 2013). These includes all three different aspects of stakeholder communication including traditional reporting, project relations that are essentially formal in nature and direct communication (Stake holder management pty, 2012). The direct communication seems to be lower with Argos. A successful stakeholder management should be a two way communication process where feedbacks from stake holders are considered in to account and are implemented (Jeffery, 2009). Argos should therefore stress on stakeholde r participation rather than one sided communication. Question - develop new communication strategies tailored to different groups of stakeholders, with a clear differentiation between the treatment of internal and external stakeholders? 3.3 New communication Strategies The communication strategies that can be adopted by Argos remains the same that are traditional reporting and project relations. Annual reports and press releases can be now used as a means to communicate their culture and corporate social responsibility. But these are more of one way communication techniques that ensures no stakeholder participation. So Argos should concentrate on direct communication which will also help to reassert stakeholders and manage them in a productive way. Following diagram represents how stakeholders can be engages meaningfully. Social media acts as a major platform for two way communication. Two way communication will also help the management to understand the expectations from the stakeholders and seek to strike a balance between what is best for organization and the stake holders (Lovejoy et.al, 2010). There are chances that cultural difference among stakeholders will lead to a situation where communicated messages by the company are perceived differently. That is the reason why differences in the beliefs, customs, values, traditions and language should be taken into account. Communication strategy cannot be isolated and should contain more than a set of actions that are inclusive in the business strategy (Barker Angelopulo, 2005). Hence communication strategies should be adapted according to the cultural requirements of the stakeholders to gain their trust. References Desson, K. Clouthier, J. (2010). Organizational Culture-Why does it matter? Presented to the Symposium on International safeguards. IAEA-CN-184/135. Shahzad, F. Luqman, R. A. (2012). Impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: An overview. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(9), p.975-985. Dauber, D. et.al. (2012). A configuration Model of organizational culture. A Configuration Model of Organizational Culture. Martins, E. Martins, N. (2002). An Organizational Culture Model to Promote Creativity and Innovation. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 28 (4), p.58-65. Salleh, H. (2011). A Proposed Model for Assessing Organizational Culture towards Achieving Business Objectives, Journal of Techno-social, 3(1), p. 53-59. Ghinea, V. M. Bratianu, C. (2012). Organisational Culture Modelling, Management and Marketing Challenges for the Knowledge Society, 7 (2), p.257-276. Nazarian, A. Atkinson, P. (2012). The Relationship between National Culture and Organizational Effectiveness: The case of Iranian Private sector organizations. International Journal of Management and Marketing Academy, 1(2), p.73-81. Hatch, M. J. Cunliffe, A. L. (2006). Organization Theory. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. Home Retail Group Plc. (2013). Annual Report and Financial Statements. Shareholder information. Jeffery, D. (2009). Stake Holder Engagement: A Road Map to Meaningful Engagement. Doughty Centre: Cranfield University. Stakeholder management pty Ltd. (2012). The Three Types of Stakeholder Communication. Hill, C. W. L. et.al. (2015). Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. Stanford: Cengage Learning. p.362. Barker, R. Angelopuro, G. C. (2005). Integrated Organizational Communication, Creda Communication Lovejoy, K. et.al. (2010). Engaging Stakeholders through Twitter. Public Relations Review.

Akkamahadevi Essay Example

Akkamahadevi Essay Much more this remark is applicable to Karnataka, from which the different currents of philosophy have flowed and flooded the rest of India and the whole world. The great Sri Sankar of monistic fame had his principal Math of Sringeri in Karnataka and began his life’s mission there. Sri Madhvacarya, the campion of Dualisn and Devotion, was entirely the product of this holy soil. Sri Basaveswar was another saint belonging to this eminent group. He is called â€Å"Bhakti-Bhandhari†- the treasure devotion – in Kannada. It was he who infused fresh life into veera-shaivism and made it a living faith. His inspiring personality attracted thousands of disciples who spread his new Gospel throughout the length and breadth of Karnataka. In their attempt to interpret the new message of their master to the masses, the eminent disciples of Basava, successfully utilized His Vachanas- a new form of literature in Kannada. These Vachanas are pithy (brief) sayings, brilliant in their directness and simplicity occasionally rising to the sublime grandeur even of the Upanisadic literature. They have brought light and hope to the Kannada masses and made their lives worth – living in all possible ways. Akka Mahadevi is one of the inspired disciples of Basava’s band. 2. BRIEF LIFE SKETCH OF AKKA MAHADEVI Akka Mahadevi was a prominent figure and Kannada poet of the Veerashaiva Bhakti movement of the 12th century Karnataka. Her Vachanas, a form of didactic poetry are considered her greatest contribution to Kannada Bhakti literature. In all she wrote about 430 Vachanas (another source says 350) which is relatively fewer than that compared to other saints of her time. We will write a custom essay sample on Akkamahadevi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Akkamahadevi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Akkamahadevi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The term Akka (elder Sister) which is an honorific (title) given to her by great Veerashaiva saints like Basavanna, Chenna Basavanna, Kinnari Bommayya, Siddharama, and Allamaprabhu. Akka Mahadevi was born in a town called ‘Udutadi’ in the centre of Karnataka in a Veera-saiva family. Her parents were the staunch followers of Trividhi philosophy of Guru, Linga and Jangama. She had an inborn devotion for God Siva. At age 10, she was initiated as a devotee of Shiva. She worshiped Shiva, whom she called Chenna Mallikarjuna, (Lord White as jasmine). Right from her childhood unlike other young girls she chose the Beautiful Lord, Pure white as the Jasmine, Chennamallikarjuna, as her playmate. Akka-Mahadevi was very beautiful. Her marvelous charm attracted the then ruling king- Kaushika who happened to be a Jain. Mahadevi agreed to marry Kaushika on three conditions. They are 1. She should be allowed according to her conveniences to practice the devotion of Lord Shiva, whom she calls Cenna Mallikarjuna. 2. She should be given freedom to listen and to meditate the life stories and teachings of ‘Siva Sharanas’ – saints of Lord shiva – and the practices of Saivism. . She should be allowed to practice the devotion of Trividhi philosophy –Guru, Linga, and Jangama. However, the male ego in Kaushika made him blind and he forced himself on her. Mahadevi outrightly renounced the marriage, with that she also renounced her parents, luxury, home and everything, considering them as impediments. She went bare to Kalyana where Allama was heading the Anubhavamantapa. Thus Mahadevi by renouncing the marriage with Kaushiaka emerged as the first protagonist of woman liberation. She discarded clothes and other worldly things as the last estiges of a sansarin and accepted the life of sanyasin. She left for Kalayana (a town in Bidar district of present Karnataka) which was known as God’s own city. Basaveshwara who is popularly known as Basavanna (elderly brother) has already launched a great social movement of casteless and classless society. Taking entry into his ‘Anubhavamantapa’ (the spiritual assembly) was not an easy task. Only those who are spiritually enlightened are allowed to come in, that too, after passing the kind of test held by the president of Anubhava Mantapa. Her renouncement of clothes and disregard for the body, or the acceptance of the life of nunnery was not an ordinary step in 12th century. Woman was not yet considered as equivalent to man. Her individual identity was under crisis. Even the great thinker and philosopher like Allamaprabhu questioned her unusual way of life. The picture of the discussion about this between Allama and Akka in the gate of Anubhava Mantapa? given by Chamarasa is not only an interesting literary piece but it is a candid and bold step in the history of whole womanhood. The discussion is as follows: Prabhu: Why have you come here in the prime of your youth? Our saints resent the sight of a young woman. If you can disclose the identity of your husband, you can join the fellowship of our saints, or else you can depart. A womans company is like poison. Tell us, who is your husband? Mahadevi: I was engrossed in penance for many years so that Siva might become my wedded lord! My own people wedded me to Siva by smearing my body with ashes and tying the marital bracelet to my wrist. All the world knows that the innumerable saints have been my parents. Therefore, O Prabhu, God is my lord; for me, there are no other husbands in this world. When Prabhu scolds her first for her nakedness Akka Mahadevi responds in this way: I have killed the cupid in myself and conquered this world. So I have no body. When I have no body, no sex where does exist the question of clothes? It is not the condition of the body that counts but, instead, a pure heart which wins the favor of God. I have covered my body with my hair so that the sight of my body may not be a cause of temptation for others. Prabhu questions whether Akka Mahadevi can be one with God when she still has human form and, worse, when it is a female body. She describes the superficiality of appearance, and of the leaders reluctance to accept her. Would the sandalwood cease its fragrance when its cut into pieces? Would a piece of gold, even when cut and heated, lose its luster? Would the sugar cane lose its sweetness when it is squeezed within a press and then heated? Prabhu pays her his ultimate compliment: Your body is female in appearance, but you mind is merged with God. In fact it was here onwards that she became Akka, an elderly sister. By her profound scholarship and burning fire of devotion she soon carved for herself an exalted position in the Anubhava Mantap, the unique Assembly of Saints there. Channa-Basava, the right hand man of Basava says, â€Å"Real greatness is only to be seen in Mahadeviakka, who has lost all sense of duality and has merged herself in the infinite. † 3. HER INTENSE LONG ING FOR THE LORD Even in her childhood, she used to worship Siva with great concentration. She took her early education under Shivagamacharya and started writing vachanas at the earliest age. Even at her early age of adolescences, Mahadevi’s devotion for Chenna Mallkarjuna was so deep and passionate that she did not play with the worldly toys like other children. On the other hand as she wrote in one of her Vachanas: â€Å"I wash away like the black soil in rain I slip and shifts like the sand, Anguished in dream I start awake, And burn like the fire in the forge, Comrades have I none in my woe O Cenna Mallikarjuna, do Thou grant me of Thy mercy A body that is not grappled by the groping hand, And the ecstasy that comes of union without uniting. † Akka’s whole life was a journey in search of her eternal lover, Cenna Mallikarjuna, whom she saw in her dream and followed in reality. During this course of divine frenzy the valleys and mountains were her friends, trees and animals were her companions, sun and the moon were the guiding spirits, whom she earnestly asked for the help in searching her beloved. Mahadevi, endowed with innate love and devotion for Lord Siva, had developed for the beginning a great aversion for worldly life. In one of her Vachanas she says, â€Å"O Lord! Without realizing Thee, I am dying in the meshes of my own self-willed desires, like a silk-worm perishing in the cocoon of silk spun out by it from its own body. Purge my mind, O God! of all evil desires and show me Thy Abode. † â€Å"This evil Samsara has been troubling me day and night. What shall I do my Lord? What shall I do to get rid of this constant harassment? I cannot bear this mental torment any longer. I throw myself entirely at Thy Mercy. Slay me or save me! Let Thy will be done. † Mahadevi had become thoroughly disgusted with the worldly life, and was constantly thinking of God and God alone. She asks, â€Å"Does a peacock ever play on the barren plain? and not on the mountains? Can a swan ever think of loving a dirty streamlet by abandoning a crystal lake? Will a cuckoo ever pour forth its flood of divine rapture anywhere except in a full-blossomed mango tree? Can a bee ever visit a flower without any fragrance? Can my mind be ever attracted by anything else but Thee, my Lord? † Mahadevi thus pines to have a glimpse at the lotus feet of the Lord. â€Å"Just as a caged parrot constantly remembers its brethren outside, so do I ever think of Thee. Call me ‘dear child’ and show me ‘Thy Beauty’†. I am pining for Thee, day and night, My Lord! The dart of Thy Love has been driven deep into my bosom and consequently I have forgotten hunger, thirst and sleep. † Maddened by such an intense Love for the Lord, she began to request everyone she met to show her the pathway to her Lord in this manner: â€Å"Bees, Cuckoos, Parrots, Moonligh t! I have one request for you. Have you seen my Lord? If so will you kindly show Him to me? † 4. HER CHALLENGE TO THE LORD: This extreme intensity of devotion had made her bold enough to throw such a challenge to the Lord: â€Å"Don’t harass me, my Lord, because I am helpless. But mind, I am not a woman to be easily terrified by any amount of pain Thou would inflict. I would live on dry leaves and sleep in the bed of arrows. Pure am I, my Lord! as I have consecrated my body and mind to Thee. † Moreover, she asks: â€Å"Will the sandal give up its fragrance even though it is cut to pieces and rubbed down? Will gold ever be darkened even when it is burnt in the fire? Will the sugarcane abandon its sweetness although it is cut to pieces, made to pass through the press and boiled in the fiery furnace? Don’t reveal my past sins to me my Lord. I will never desist from seeking Thy shelter even if Thou wouldest kill me. She says, â€Å"Thou mayest hear me or not my Lord! I cannot but sing Thy glory. Thou mayest love me or not, I cannot but worship Thee. Thou mayest grace me with Thy presence or not, I cannot but think of embracing Thee. Thou mayest look at me or not, I cannot help casting my loving glance at Thee and sing Thy praises in delight. I s hall worship Thee alone my Lord; and enjoy Divine delight by Thy worship. † 5. CONCEPT OF GOD ACCORDING TO AKKA MAHADEVI She calls her Lord as Chennamallikarjuna. In the book of Mahadevi’s path, as we turn the pages, we find that the image of Chennamallikarjuna changing. With time it merges into a higher and higher concept of the Divine. Only in her earlier years do we notice reference to Siva. Throughout He has remained her Antaryamin to whom she was wedded without a doubt. She says, â€Å"Like treasure hid in the ground, like flavour in the fruit, like gold in the rock and oil in the seed, the Absolute is hidden in the heart. † Further she says, â€Å"I am involved with the one who knows no death, nor decay nor form. He has no one place, nor any boundary, no modifications nor origins. He is Unrestricted to any clan, this casteless one is whom I love. For this reason I am for this man, this Chenna Mallikarjuna. She says, the approach to God must be through ardent love and devotion. She instinctively felt that man can never be fully and wholly fulfilled through self-discipline and knowledge, though self-discipline is arduous and knowledge superior. A more human approach to God lies through pure love and unselfish love which withdraws most of the obstacles that the ego interposes between the divine and the devotee. Akka was shining star in the Bhatki tradition. Her wedding to the Lord Shiva and her undivided heart of love and surrender to Him can be considered as the path of Bhakti Marga. She also considers that the path of action is very much necessary to have genuine devotion of the Lord. In this way she finds no conflict between these two paths rather it is the two sides of the same coin. Her vachans are the best expressed form of Janan Marga, where she tries to share her knowledge of the Lord. For Akka mahadevi to know the Lord and to worship him in mind and to share this knowledge with others in Vachans was a superior way of devotion. So Bhakti Jnana and Krma margas are not mutually exclusive for the Akka, but all three margas lead us to a true devotion to the Lord. 6. SPLENDID VISION OF THE LORD: Through His grace, she had soon the vision of the Lord. â€Å"I had a Vision† she breaks out in rapture, â€Å"I had a splendid vision of the Lord. He had shining golden hair, with a brilliant crown studded (filled) with jewels. A set of pearl-white teeth adorned his beautiful lips that were illumined the seven worlds. At this sight, the famine of my eyes has vanished altogether today. Now that I have seen my Lord Playing with His Primeval Shakti, by identifying Himself with her, I consider my life to have borne fruit. † This vision brought about drastic change in her entire outlook on life. The forest appeared to her to be full of Wish-trees; all the stones assumed to form touch-stones; every place was a place of pilgrimage; the whole world became full of heavenly ambrosia and every pebble she came across was a heavenly jewel. She saw the mountain very much dear to the Lord-Channa Mallikarjuna and entered the forest of Kadali-plantain trees . † In this way she went on having one spiritual experience after another and ultimately realized her identity with the Absolute. She says â€Å"Can the ghee mixed in milk remain separate from it? Who can differentiate heat from the brilliance of Sun? O Lord of Infinite Glory! My scales fell off my eyes as I realized my identity with Thee! † Again she says, â€Å"Whom shall I worship when my body has become Thine? Whom shall I remember when my mind has merged in Thee? Losing myself entirely in Thee, I have completely forgotten Thee with Thee. † 7. LAST DAYS OF HER LIFE Tradition says she left the world in her twenties, entering mahasamadhi (final divine union) with a flash of light. Her travels come to an end when she finds the Kadali vana in the vicinity of the Shrishaila temple. In Kadali vana, Mahadevi matures in nirguna upasana, ready for the final offering. She recognizes the Absolute in all of his creation. The kalpavriksha is all trees. The Sanjeevani is all bushes. All places are teerthas. Ambrosia is contained in all waters. All animals is the covetable golden deer. Every pebble glows as the chintamani gem. Here she also recognizes the paradox of His being in her body, as her very breath becomes His Fragrance. His form becomes hers. Her life force is no different from His very own. No knowledge to acquire, as she now knows Him. Who is there to think, of whom, as individuality ceases to be? This young, defiant and vibrant saint Akka Mahadevi attains Aikyastthala, the highest of the six states of Veerashaivism in the vicinity of the temple to Chennamallikaarjuna and Bhramaraambika. 8. THE CONCEPT OF TRIVEDHI PHILOSOPHY According to the Trivedhi Philosophy, all holiness consisted in due regard for three vital things–Guru, linga and Jangam (the guide; the image; and the fellow religionist). Guru: (personal spiritual master), Guru is the personal spiritual guide who has the knowledge of the path and knows how to guide one on it. A guru is the first cover/guard of soul against the attractions of Maya. He is a concept of awareness. He initiates a novice in the worship of Ista Linga, because he is a model in Ista Linga worship and is Jivanmuktha. He performs three functions: He initiates a person into the faith, trains him and guides him to move towards Aikyasthala (merger with Shiva) A Guru was forbidden to eat flesh, to chew betel or to touch liquor: and he wore a Kempa kavi vastra Linga: (Siva) Linga plays a very key role in the union of Jiva with Siva. Shiva should be worshipped through Ista Linga, which is a symbol of Shiva. The communion between God and a devotee is through Ista Linga. Ista Linga is a small black ball made up of certain prescribed materials kept in a silver casket put around the neck with the help of a thread called shivadara (thread of Lord Shiva). Ista Linga is Shiva Himself. It is universal form of God in a miniature and is the greatest light of the inner most heart which is brought out and shaped into a form by the guru. It is the visible symbol of the invisible energy existing in all beings. The guru places the Ista Linga on ‘Thanu’ (body) ‘Prana’ (life) and ‘Bhava’ (feelings). The linga placed on the thanu is Ista Linga, the linga placed on Prana is Pranalinga, and the linga placed on the Bhava is called Bhavalinga. The practice of wearing Siva linga constantly on their bodies as a mark of devotion and surrender to Lord Siva. Jangama: (an enlightened spiritual guru) Jangama is the realized soul or the perfect one who has already been through the path and knows how to lead one there. A jangama is a liberated man and moves about from place to place to preach the Lingayat Philosophy. He is a moving spirit of the Lord and is personified in the services of the Lord. He leads a simple life, is a man of detachment and is without shelter of his own. He is inseparable from Linga. Guru, Linga and Jangama are treated on equal footing and are rendered with equal respect and reverence. One needs to surrender to them and seek their help in intensifying ones devotion to Siva to obtain his grace and achieve the final union. 9. AKKA THE SOURCE OF WOMEN EMANCIPATION She is a prominent figure in the field of female emancipation. Probably, she may be the first feminist in India as she has been in a constant battle against the established institutions and rituals prevalent in India, in the 12th century. During such time of strife and political uncertainty she launched a movement that made her an inspiration for woman empowerment and enlightenment. The time was marked as height of foolishness of varnashrama dharma which only supported the three upper castes of Hindu society in India and suppressed the shudras and women. It was in the 12the century such a feminist voice, heard from a country like India, where the patriarchal system is at its best. A time when females are forbidden at the school entrance, Akka Mahadevi could take part in many gatherings of learned men at the Anubhavamandapa in Kadal Sangama, to debate philosophy. Though she lived and died young the lines she uttered and the divine life she led keep her as an inseparable part of Indian history in general and the movement of woman’s emancipation in particular. She proves that woman is not the puppet in the hands of male dominant society. On the other hand she is as free as the objects of the world around. She was never contended with the restricted role of a girl at home. Limitations placed on women in the pursuit of education and spirituality was unacceptable for her. She proved herself that a woman has every right and has all the means to pursue a life of an ascetic. Her entire woman’s life with many traumatic experiences is a testimony to the Power of Indelible Courage and Faith. Her renouncement of clothes and disregard for the body, or the acceptance of the life of nunnery was not an ordinary step in 12th century. Woman was not yet considered as equivalent to man. Her individual identity was under crisis. Even the great thinker and philosopher like Allamaprabhu questioned her unusual way of life. Akka becomes a distinctive phenomenon in the human history not merely by her style of dressing or unusual way of arguing. Her distinct pathway through the world, which took her to the climax point of rationalism, establishes her as an ever-shining star of boldness. Her denial of the riches and comforts of the palace and the amputations of the domestic bonds reminds one of Buddha. Her ideal of social and gender equality, propagated in the 12th century had become the creed of higher education in and out of Karnataka. Along with Basaveshwara, she was also one of the socialist reformers who spoke out against the caste system. Among her 315 vachanas, considered as sacred scriptures by the Kannadigas, one proclaims this message: â€Å"Unrestricted to any clan, this caste less one is whom I love for this reason, I’m for this man. † Akka Mahadevi is even remembered and revered all over Karnataka as a seer-poet and a social reformer. You can see a number of educational and charitable institutions all through the State, named after Akka. Akka Seva Samajas, the charitable institutions in the State, pursue the same goal Akka Mhadevi has propagated – uplifting the status of the girl children. They work for the destitute girls and down trodden women in their three branches at Kumara Park, Rajaji Nagar, Rajarajeswary Nagar along with the first one established at Bangalore. The proceedings of the Samajas are inspired by the life and teachings of Akka Mahadevi who burned up as a flash of light in the caves of Sreeshailam. 10. AKKA MAHADEVI A MYSTIC SAINT Akka Madhavi is no doubt a great Bhakti saints of the 12th century, she experienced a call within, that no other pre-occupation distract her, in her path to the Lord Shiva. Unlike other girls, the very desire for a family and married life, and other worldly pleasure and comfort she considers these nothing compared to her devotion to the Lord Shiva. Her poems or Vachnas are the spontaneous overflow of her love for the Lord. Her cloths, beauty and ornaments were the love and devotion to the Lord. This intense devotion and renunciation of worldly affairs made her a great mystic of the time. She had an experience of the Lord in the heart, this basic experience led her to experience Lord in everything: in the beautiful nature, mountains valleys and everywhere. She finds her home in the nature and everything in it was her companion. In union with the nature and all the being she searched for the Lord and she experienced Him together with all beings. This shows that in totality she experienced and worshipped the Lord in the Universe. This is the another aspect of her mysticism. There is a massage for all, who search the Lord with the sincere heart that God can be experience in our simple and ordinary life situations and surroundings. There is no need of going to high mountains like Himalayas to search for the Lord; he is here within us and in the nature. Akka madhavi experienced this truth from her child hood itself, and she could experience more intensively and more clearly in her later stages of life. She expresses the unity between her and the Absolute in the following Vachana: I do not say it is the Linga. I do not say it oneness with the Linga. I do not say it is the Merging, I do not say it is the Parting I do not say it has Happened. I do not say it is to Be. I do not say it is I. I do not say it is You. The mysticism of the Akka is in par with the existing theological understanding of the experience of the Lord. There is no conflict with the tradition and philosophical thinking of the time. Man’s search for the Lord in the cosmos with the nature and created beings is very much acceptable to the mystics of all times. The out flow of the heart’s desire and her love she expresses in her poems and Vachana is a real treasure and guide to seek the Lord, for the many generation to come. Akka mahadevi is somewhat negative about the concept of body. The bodily beauty was a liability for her in her short life. She calls this body as the site of dirt, lust, greed and rage. This may be because of her experience with Kaushika and in Anubhava Mantapa. According to her the body and its temptations are the primary causes which come on the way in ones union with the Lord. In this way in her thought we can see the clear cut distinction between body as something bad which belongs to the world and soul in something sacred which helps one to live a holy life. 11. CONCLUSION Mystics have a double aspect in their life. They are often perceived as rebel in a cultural social ethos. They refuse to walk or to follow the manmade laws and tradition. They have a fine intellect and sharp perception of divine reality. They guide people in the new path towards the absolute. They are courageous, creative and enthusiastic in walking the new unknown path with full trust and confidence. This unusual way of life and their very courage novelty and creativity make them to be rejected in the society, but later they are hailed and accepted in the society. Akka Mahadevi was one among such saints who was intoxicated by Shiva Shakti. Because of her ascetic way of life she became true Shakti and all other powers of tradition and culture she rejected. This way led to her to the spiritual heights making her a mystic. Thus we can see that akka mahadevi had two aspects i. e. initial rejection as rebel and later acceptance as mystic saint. Nobody knows exactly for how many years Akka Mahadevi lived. According to one popular belief she lived only twenty-five years. Within this small span of life the achievement she did, the area she had covered from Udatadi to Srisail and the great spiritual personalities she met is something amazing. No other Indian social activist achieves the parallel position with Akka in this regard. It is sure that physically she lived a very short life but spiritually she did surpass the common level. The historians are of the opinion that Akka only in a true sense represents the whole vachana movement, which is in swing till the time present. The vachanas she wrote is a gem of divine thought. These few Vachanas of Mahadevi gives us the insights into the unique psychology of God –intoxication of this blessed saint. Even linguistically they achieve an everlasting place. Each phase of her life was a step towards the emancipation of not only of womanhood but also of the mankind. She was sure footed in her radical combat with the age-old norms of the society. She lived for the life enlightened and the life divine. Akka is a guiding spirit behind all the women activists, irrespective of the age and space. One should be thankful to the womankind, which has given â€Å"the Sappho of Greece, the Theresa of Christianity, the Lalleshwari of Kashmir, the Rubia of Arabia, the ‘Andal’ of Tamilnadu, the Meera of Rajasthan. † No doubt all they are incomparable individuals in their life and achievement. BIBLIOGRAPHY Deshpande, M. S. â€Å"Akka Mahadevi: St. Mira of Karnataka. † Pathway to God: A Journal of Spiritual Life 10, 1 (November 1975), 21-26. Hampana, Kamala. Akka Mahadevi. Bangalore: Sapna Book House, 2002. http://www. ambahouse. org/akkamahadevi. html http://www. ourkarnataka. com/religion/akka_mathapati. htm http://www. scrollindia. com/women-zone/akka-mahadevi-kannada-seer-poet. Patil, S. H. Community Dominance and Political Modernization. Delhi: A Mittal Publication, 2002 Shastry, G. V. Akka Mahadeviya Vachanagalu. Gadag: Paru Prakashan, 1999. Umadevi, S. Akka Mahadeviyavara Vachanagalu. Hubli: Lalit Prakashana, 200.

Connective tissue Essay Example

Connective tissue Essay Example Connective tissue Essay Connective tissue Essay What are the five most important functions of epithelial tissue. Identify the four principal tissue types. Explain how the shape of epithelial cells is used for classification purposes. What are the four types of epithelium described in this classification process? Classify epithelium according to the layers of cells present. List the types of simple and stratified epithelium and give examples of each. Which of the following best describes the number of blood vessels in epithelial tissue: none, very few, very numerous? What is glandular epithelium? Give examples. How do exocrine glands secrete their products? Name three kinds of fibers that may be present in a connective tissue matrix. What are they made of? Compare the structure of the three major types of cartilage tissue. Locate and give an example of each type. List the components of whole blood and discuss the basic function of each fraction or cell type. List the three major types of muscle tissue. Identify two basic types of cells in nervous tissue. What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation? What causes each? Name three types of fibrous connective tissue and briefly describe each. Describe the regenerative capacity of muscle and nerve tissues. What makes bone tissue hard? Critical Thinking Questions A baby was born with congenital problems in the skeleton and muscle systems. From what primary germ layer do these systems arise? What is the earliest possible developmental stage where a problem could have impacted just one primary germ layer? Many athletes work to reduce their body fat to the lowest possible percent. What are some of the functional and structural consequences that could develop if too little body fat were present? If a tendon is badly damaged, it may need to be replaced surgically. Based on the structural and functional differences, explain why it must be replaced by a tendon rather than a ligament. If a small but deep cut involving skin and muscle occurs, predict which tissue will probably heal first and which will heal more completely. Explain your answer. When a joint swells, sometimes it is necessary to remove a thick colorless liquid from the joint. What is it, where did it come from, and what is its normal function. Chapter 5 Study Guide Answer Key What are the five most important functions of epithelial tissue. protection, sensory function, secretion, absorption, and excretion Identify the four principal tissue types. epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Explain how the shape of epithelial cells is used for classification purposes. What are the four types of epithelium described in this classification process? Epithelial cells can be flat and plate-like (squamous). They can be cube-like (cuboidal). The cells can be higher than wide (columnar). They can also be higher than wide with some cells not reaching the membrane (pseudostratified columnar). Classify epithelium according to the layers of cells present. Arrangement of epithelial cells in a single layer is called simple epithelium. If the epithelial cells are layered one on another, the tissue is called stratified epithelium. If the epithelial cells are layered in a relaxed state but can form a single layer when stretched, the tissue is called transitional epithelium. List the types of simple and stratified epithelium and give examples of each. Simple squamous: alveoli, lining of blood and lymph vessels, pericardium, peritoneum Simple cuboidal: glands and ducts, ducts and tubules of the kidney Simple columnar: lining of stomach, intestine, uterus, uterine, respiratory tract Pseudostratified columnar: air passages of respiratory system, reproductive system Stratified squamous: skin (keratinized), vagina, mouth, esophagous (nonkeratinized) Stratified cuboidal: sweat gland ducts, pharynx, epiglottis Stratified transitional: wall of the urinary bladder Which of the following best describes the number of blood vessels in  epithelial tissue: none, very few, very numerous? None What is glandular epithelium? Give examples. Glandular epithelium is specialized for secretory activity. They may function as one cell or many cells together. Exocrine glands empty their contents into ducts while endocrine glands empty their contents into the blood. How do exocrine glands secrete their products? Apocrine: pinch off distended end Holocrine: rupture completely Merocrine: directly through plasma membrane Name three kinds of fibers that may be present in a connective tissue matrix. What are they made of? collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers. They are made of protein. Compare the structure of the three major types of cartilage tissue. Locate and give an example of each type. Hyaline: shiny and transluscent; respiratory tubes, covering the ends of bones Fibrocartilage: rigid matrix, strong white fibers; spinal cord and knee Elastic cartilage: stong, flexible elastic fibers; external ear, larynx List the components of whole blood and discuss the basic function of each fraction or cell type. Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. The blood cells are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. The RBC transport gases, the WBC destroy harmful microorganisms, platelets assist in blood clot formation. The plasma transports nutrients and waste products, regulates the pH of body fluids, and helps maintain body temperature. List the three major types of muscle tissue. The three major types of muscle tissue are skeletal (striated voluntary), smooth (nonstriated involuntary), and cardiac (striated involuntary). Identify two basic types of cells in nervous tissue. The two basic types of cells in the nervous system are the neurons, which are the conducting cells, and neuroglia cells, which are the support cells. What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation? What causes each? The four cardinal signs of inflammation are rubor (redness), caused by increased blood flow; calor (heat), caused by increased blood flow; tumor (swelling), caused by the accumulation of inflammatory exudates and clot formation, and dolor (pain), caused by chemical mediators released by tissue injury and cell death. Name three types of fibrous connective tissue and briefly describe each. Areolar: stretchable, elastic glue, interwoven collagenous and elastic fibers; found between other tissues and organs Adipose: many fat cells, protective pads, food reserve, insulation; found under the skin Reticular: reticular fibers and reticular cells, filtration/defense function; found in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow   Dense fibrous: many fibers, few fibroblasts, irregular and regular types; found in the tendons (regular) and ligaments (irregular) Describe the regenerative capacity of muscle and nerve tissues. Muscle and nervous tissues have limited capacities to regenerate. Muscle tissue is often replace by connective tissue. Nerves outside the central nervous system can regenerate slowly. Normal brain and spinal cord neurons don not grow back when injured. What makes bone tissue hard? Inorganic salts/minerals make bone tissue hard. Critical Thinking Questions A baby was born with congenital problems in the skeleton and muscle systems. From what primary germ layer do these systems arise? What is the earliest possible developmental stage where a problem could have impacted just one primary germ layer? The skeletal and muscular systems arise from the mesoderm. The earliest time in development when only these tissue types would be affected is during or shortly after gastrulation. Many athletes work to reduce their body fat to the lowest possible percent. What are some of the functional and structural consequences that could develop if too little body fat were present? A proper amount of fat in the body is necessary. Fat is used to protect various body organs like the kidney. It acts as an insulator to help maintain body temperature and acts as a source of stored energy for the body. If a tendon is badly damaged, it may need to be replaced surgically. Based on the structural and functional differences, explain why it must be replaced by a tendon rather than a ligament. A tendon is made up of collagen fibers and connects muscle to bone. This provides density and flexibility with great tensile strength but no elasticity. Ligaments, which connect bones to bones, are irregular and made up of predominantly elastic fibers. This provides less strength and more flexibility. Therefore, the ligament would not function well as a tendon. If a small but deep cut involving skin and muscle occurs, predict which tissue will probably heal first and which will heal more completely. Explain your answer. The skin will probably heal faster and more completely. It is made of epithelial tissue, which heals faster and more completely that the muscle tissue. When a joint swells, sometimes it is necessary to remove a thick colorless liquid from the joint. What is it, where did it come from, and what is its normal function. The fluid is synovial fluid. It is produced by the synovial membrane surrounding the join; its function is to reduce the friction between bones in movable joints.