Marquis de Lafayette, French and American Revolutionary

Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (September 6, 1757–May 20, 1834) was a French aristocrat who gained fame as an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Arriving in North America in 1777, he quickly formed a bond with General George Washington and initially served as an aide to the American leader. Proving a skilled and dependable commander, Lafayette earned greater responsibility as the conflict progressed and played a key part in obtaining aid from France for the American cause. Fast Facts: Marquis de Lafayette Known For: French aristocrat who fought as an officer for the Continental Army in the American Revolution, and later, the French RevolutionBorn: September 6, 1757 in Chavaniac, FranceParents: Michel du Motier and Marie de La Rivià ¨reDied: May 20, 1834 in Paris, FranceEducation: Collà ¨ge du Plessis and the Versailles AcademySpouse: Marie Adrienne Franà §oise de Noailles (m. 1774)Children: Henriette du Motier, Anastasie Louise Pauline du Motier, Georges Washington Louis Gilbert du Motier, Marie Antoinette Virginie du Motier Returning home after the war, Lafayette served in a central role during the early years of the French Revolution and helped write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Falling from favor, he was jailed for five years before being released in 1797. With the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Lafayette began a long career as a member of the Chamber of Deputies. Early Life Born September 6, 1757, at Chavaniac, France, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette was the son of Michel du Motier and Marie de La Rivià ¨re. A long-established military family, an ancestor had served with Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orleans during the Hundred Years War. A colonel in the French Army, Michel fought in the Seven Years War and was killed by a cannonball at the Battle of Minden in August 1759. Raised by his mother and grandparents, the young marquis was sent to Paris for education at the Collà ¨ge du Plessis and the Versailles Academy. While in Paris, Lafayettes mother died. Gaining military training, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Musketeers of the Guard on April 9, 1771. Three years later, he married Marie Adrienne Franà §oise de Noailles on April 11, 1774. In the Army Through Adriennes dowry he received a promotion to captain in the Noailles Dragoons Regiment. After their marriage, the young couple lived near Versailles while Lafayette completed his schooling at the Acadà ©mie de Versailles. While training at Metz in 1775, Lafayette met the Comte de Broglie, commander of the Army of the East. Taking a liking to the young man, de Broglie invited him to join the Freemasons. Through his affiliation in this group, Lafayette learned of the tensions between Britain and its American colonies. By participating in the Freemasons and other thinking groups in Paris, Lafayette became an advocate for the rights of man and the abolition of slavery. As the conflict in the colonies evolved into open warfare, he came to believe that the ideals of the American cause closely reflected his own. Coming  to America In December 1776, with the American Revolution raging, Lafayette lobbied to go to America. Meeting with American agent Silas Deane, he accepted an offer to enter American service as a major general. Learning of this, his father-in-law, Jean de Noailles, had Lafayette assigned to Britain as he did not approve of Lafayettes American interests. During a brief posting in London, he was received by King George III and met several future antagonists, including Major General Sir Henry Clinton. Returning to France, he obtained aid from de Broglie and Johann de Kalb to advance his American ambitions. Learning of this,  de Noailles sought aid from King Louis XVI who issued a decree banning French officers from serving in America. Though forbidden by King Louis XVI to go, Lafayette purchased a ship, Victoire, and evaded efforts to detain him. Reaching Bordeaux, he boarded Victoire and put to sea on April 20, 1777. Landing near Georgetown, South Carolina, on June 13, Lafayette briefly stayed with Major Benjamin Huger before proceeding to Philadelphia. Arriving, Congress initially rebuffed him as they were tired of Deane sending French glory seekers. After offering to serve without pay, and aided by his Masonic connections, Lafayette received his commission but it was dated July 31, 1777, rather than the date of his agreement with Deane and he was not assigned a unit. For these reasons, he nearly returned home; however, Benjamin Franklin dispatched a letter to General George Washington asking the American commander to accept the young Frenchman as an aide-de-camp. The two first met on August 5, 1777, at a dinner in Philadelphia and immediately formed a lasting rapport.   First meeting of the Marquis de Lafayette and George Washington, 1777. Library of Congress Into the Fight Accepted onto Washingtons staff, Lafayette first saw action at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777. Outflanked by the British, Washington allowed Lafayette to join Major General John Sullivans men. While attempting to rally Brigadier General Thomas Conways Third Pennsylvania Brigade, Lafayette was wounded in the leg but did not seek treatment until an orderly retreat was organized. For his actions, Washington cited him for bravery and military ardour and recommended him for divisional command. Briefly leaving the army, Lafayette traveled to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to recuperate from his wound. Recovering, he assumed command of Major General Adam Stephens division after that general was relieved following the Battle of Germantown. With this force, Lafayette saw action in New Jersey while serving under Major General Nathanael Greene.  This included winning a victory at the Battle of Gloucester on November 25 which saw his troops defeat British forces under Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis. Rejoining the army at Valley Forge, Lafayette was asked by Major General Horatio Gates and the Board of War to proceed to Albany to organize an invasion of Canada. Before leaving, Lafayette alerted Washington about his suspicions regarding Conways efforts to have him removed from command of the army. Arriving at Albany, he found that there were too few men present for an invasion and after negotiating an alliance with the Oneidas he returned to Valley Forge. Rejoining Washingtons army, Lafayette was critical of the boards decision to attempt an invasion of Canada during the winter. In May 1778, Washington dispatched Lafayette with 2,200 men to ascertain British intentions outside Philadelphia. Further Campaigns Aware of Lafayettes presence, the British marched out of the city with 5,000 men in an effort to capture him. In the resulting Battle of Barren Hill, Lafayette was skillfully able to extract his command and rejoin Washington. The following month, he saw action at the Battle of Monmouth as Washington attempted to attack Clinton as he withdrew to New York. In July, Greene and Lafayette were dispatched to Rhode Island to aid Sullivan with his efforts to expel the British from the colony. The operation centered on cooperation with a French fleet led Admiral Comte de dEstaing. This was not forthcoming as dEstaing departed for Boston to repair his ships after they were damaged in a storm. This action angered the Americans as they felt that they had been abandoned by their ally. Racing to Boston, Lafayette worked to smooth things over after a riot resulting from dEstaings actions erupted. Concerned about the alliance, Lafayette asked for leave to return to France to ensure its continuance. Granted, he arrived in February 1779 and was briefly detained for his earlier disobedience to the king. Virginia Yorktown Working with Franklin, Lafayette lobbied for additional troops and supplies. Granted 6,000 men under General Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau, he returned to America in May 1781. Sent to Virginia by Washington, he conducted operations against the traitor Benedict Arnold and shadowed Cornwallis army as it moved north. Nearly trapped at the Battle of Green Spring in July, Lafayette monitored British activities until the arrival of Washingtons army in September. Taking part in the Siege of Yorktown, Lafayette was present at the British surrender. Return to France Sailing home to France in December 1781, Lafayette was received at Versailles and promoted to field marshal. After aiding in planning an aborted expedition to the West Indies, he worked with Thomas Jefferson to develop trade agreements. Returning to America in 1782, he toured the country and received several honors. Remaining active in American affairs, he routinely met with the new countrys representatives in France. French Revolution On December 29, 1786, King Louis XVI appointed Lafayette to the Assembly of Notables which was convened to address the nations worsening finances. Arguing for spending cuts, he was one who called for the convening of the Estates General. Elected to represent the nobility from Riom, he was present when the Estates General opened on May 5, 1789. Following the Oath of the Tennis Court and the creation of the National Assembly, Lafayette joined the new body and on July 11, 1789, he presented a draft of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Lieutenant General Marquis de Lafayette, 1791. Public Domain Appointed to lead the new National Guard on July 15, Lafayette worked to maintain order. Protecting the king during the March on Versailles in October, he diffused the situation—although the crowd demanded that Louis move to the Tuileries Palace in Paris. He was again called to the Tuileries on February 28, 1791, when several hundred armed aristocrats surrounded the palace in an effort to defend the king. Dubbed the Day of Daggers, Lafayettes men disarmed the group and arrested many of them. Later Life After a failed escape attempt by the king that summer, Lafayettes political capital began to erode. Accused of being a royalist, he sunk further after the Champ de Mars Massacre when National Guardsmen fired into a crowd. Returning home in 1792, he was soon appointed to lead one of the French armies during the War of the First Coalition. Working for peace, he sought to shut down the radical clubs in Paris. Branded a traitor, he attempted to flee to the Dutch Republic but was captured by the Austrians. Marquis de Lafayette, 1825. National Portrait Gallery Held in prison, he was finally released by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797. Largely retiring from public life, he accepted a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 1815. In 1824, he made one final tour of America and was hailed as a hero. Six years later, he declined the dictatorship of France during the July Revolution and Louis-Phillipe was crowned king. The first person granted honorary United States citizenship, Lafayette died on May 20, 1834, at the age of 76. Sources Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. New York: Wiley, 2003.Levasseur, A. Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825; or, Journal of a Voyage to the United States. Trans. Godman, John D. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1829.Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette and the Historians: Changing Symbol, Changing Needs, 1834–1984. Historical Reflections / Rà ©flexions Historiques 11.3 (1984): 373–401. Print.Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

A Disease of Concern for Females - Pelvic Inflammatory...

As females we are taught to maintain a healthy body by eating the right foods, exercising and scheduling regular checkups with the doctor. However, there are several diseases that affect the human female body. Pelvic inflammatory disease is one of many diseases that affect the female reproductive system, and it is a disease women should be concerned with. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infectious disease that invades the female reproductive organs such as the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Pelvic inflammatory disease also known as PID, is caused by infectious bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea and other bacteria. Bacteria that travel from the vagina to the cervix will cause inflammation, pain, damage and†¦show more content†¦Signs and symptoms of PID include pain in the lower abdomen and pelvic area, low back pain, painful intercourse, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, irregular menstrual bleeding, fever, fatigue, and vomiting (Martin, 1999). In addition, women who are experiencing severe signs and symptoms of PID should go to the emergency room for treatment. In order to diagnose pelvic inflammatory disease, a physician will take a history and physical exam, perform a pelvic exam, and obtain cervical cultures, order a complete blood count and urine test. However, your doctor may recommend other diagnostic tests, such as pelvic ultrasound to obtain images of the your reproductive organs, and check for inflammation, endometrial biopsy to examine a piece of uterine lining, and laparoscopy in which the physician inserts a thin, lighted instrument through the abdomen examine the pelvic organs for abscesses (Mayo Clinic staff, 2009). If a physician suspects the patient has PID, the patient will be treated with antibiotics, and pain medication. Also, it is recommended that the patient get bed rest and avoid sexual activity until the infection has cleared. In some cases, surgery may be required to drain abscess. 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Mini Mental State Examination

Question: Diswcuss about the Mini Mental State Examination. Answer: Introduction: Mental State Exam (MSE) is the systematic method utilised by mental health practitioners for the observation, examination, and record of the behaviour, thoughts and emotions of a patient suffering from a mental health condition (Townsend 2014). Thought form, or thought process, is the form of thinking that the patient suffering from a mental illness. It is used for characterising the ideas that the patient has. The rate and flow of thought are usually measured in this context. A MSE considers whether the thoughts of the patient are circumstantial, tangential, logical and associated. The thought form exhibited by the patient is considered in conjunction to a relation between disconnected thoughts and goal-directed thoughts. Thought content is the suitable description of what the patient thinks. It indicates the absence or presence of obsessional, suicidal, homicidal or delusional ideas. In case such thoughts are present, the specificity and intensity are to be measured (Videbeck 2013) . In the context of the present case study, it is necessary to interpret how Annabelles thoughts are disturbed for delivering optimal quality care services to the patient. Assessment needs to be done in order to highlight the ability of the patient to synthesize external stimuli. How Annabelles thoughts are disturbed can be interpreted by analysing whether she is able to interpret incoming information, whether she perceives that other individuals have an understanding of her thoughts, whether she demonstrates neologisms and whether she has the viewpoint that her thoughts are to be held responsible for the negative events. In the case of Annabelle, it is likely that she is suffering from delusion. Other defining characteristics include delusion of persecution, inappropriate reactions to a communication made by others, state of confusion, signs of anger and fear, an exhibition of distractibility, violet gestures, and interrupted sleep. Interpretation of how the thoughts are disturbed may be achieved through analysing Annabelle whether she shows ambivalence through the behaviours and statements. A perception in the context of mental state examination is the sensory experience, and the classifications of perceptual disturbances are illusions, hallucinations, and pseudo-hallucinations. An illusion is the false sensory perception when there is the presence of external stimuli. It can also be defined as the distortion brought about in the sensory experience. A hallucination is the sensory perception when there is no external stimulus present. The experience of the subject is real is this case, unlike an illusion. A pseudo-hallucination is when a subject has a fantasy, as experienced in subjective space. Other forms of abnormalities are derealisation, depersonalisation or distortion in the sense of time-frame (Kneisl and Trigoboff 2012). In the present case study, Annabelle is suffering from one of the forms of perceptual disturbances. Annabelle is found to be unaware of the circumstances she is going through and does not appropriately reciprocates to it. Perceptual disturbances are difficult to highlight as patients do not agree to the fact that they are suffering from some form of disturbances. There are some clinical implications of interpreting how the patient has disturbances in the senses. It is desirable to gather important information about the patient regarding the experiences she had. A comprehensive assessment instrument would be helpful in gaining new insights regrading the anxieties and fears she has been suffering from. The patient needs to be allowed to talk about the experiences she had in the past for relating her behaviour with what she has gone through. Considering the phenomenological diversity of perceptual disturbances would also help in revealing significant information regarding the changes noticed in the condition of the patient. The variations found in the phenomenology adequately reflect the changes in the emotional state of the patient (Mitchell 2013). Mood can be defined as the individuals internal state at any instance of time. It is a more prolonged state. Affect is defined as the external dynamic manifestation of the internal emotions of an individual. It has also been referred to as differentiated feelings. In the field of psychology, it is beneficial to conceptualise the existing relationship between mood and emotional affect. Affect is the immediate expressions due to an emotion whereas mood is the emotional experience that prevails for a longer period of time (Paniagua and Yamada 2013). The range of affect includes blunted, expansive, flat and restricted. The intensity of the affect can be normal, exaggerated, blunted, heightened or flat. A patient may be demonstrating the full range of affect at the time of assessment or a restricted affect (Huline-Dickens 2013). Annabelles mood can be described as being irritability. Irritability is described as the mood in which an individual is easily provoked to anger and is annoyed at slightest pretexts. Such mood is considered to be a feature of maniac episodes. The irritable mood is exhibited by Annabelle as she shows sudden outbursts of anger and irritation. The range of affect in the case of Annabelle is flat whereas the intensity of her affect is heightened. The flat range is marked by a significant decrease emotional expressiveness. Annabelle spoke in a monotonous voice and had less facial expression. She also appeared apathetic. This form of affect is a negative symptom of mental health disorder. The patient, in this case, lacked a normal range of behaviours and feelings. The intensity of the affect for Annabelle can be described as heightened since she is strikingly sentimental and melodramatic. She has the tendency to create tantrums over situations and act as per her desire. At home, started screaming all of a sudden and the stopped suddenly too. She had shouted and slumped to the floor and then sobbed at the healthcare setting. Appearance is the physical aspects that include height, weight, age, manner of grooming and dressing. Colourful and bizarre clothing indicate mania, whereas unkempt and dirty clothes, suggest depression or schizophrenia (Taylor 2013). In the present case study, Annabelle has dirty clothes and is barefoot. She has multiple piercings in her lip, eyebrow, and nose. Her hair is coloured ink and blue and is matted and unkempt. Wight loss signifies physical illness, depressive disorder or chronic anxiety (Baker 2004). Annabelle is found to have lost weight as she does skips meals and does not eat for days. The reason for such poor nutrition can be depression. Poor personal hygiene is a result of self-neglect. Her arms are covered with sores whose reason is unknown. She may have undergone some form of pain that she has not disclosed. Abnormalities in behaviour include particular abnormal movements as related to the individuals activity level. Stereotypes refer to the purposeless movements l ike head banging or hand movement (Forbes and Watt 2015). In the present case study, Annabelle is found to be pacing and wringing her hands, that is inappropriate. Hand wringing is a psychomotor activity. The increase in movement and arousal indicate mania. An inability to stay at a place, preferably sit at a place can be considered as a side effect that antipsychotic drug has. Lack of eye contact denotes depression, like Annabelle, who did not have eye contact at the time of assessment. The reaction of the client at the time of the mental state examination is also noteworthy. In the present case, the patient is found to be co-operative and smiles. Her general behaviour is safe from the perspective of a health care professional. However, she is disturbed and withdrawn subsequently. References Barker, P.J., 2004.Assessment in psychiatric and mental health nursing: in search of the whole person. Nelson Thornes. Forbes, H. and Watt, E., 2015.Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences. Huline-Dickens, S., 2013. The mental state examination.Advances in psychiatric treatment,19(2), pp.97-98. Kneisl, C.R. and Trigoboff, E., 2012.Contemporary psychiatric-mental health nursing. Pearson Higher Ed. Mitchell, A.J., 2013. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): an update on its diagnostic validity for cognitive disorders. InCognitive Screening Instruments(pp. 15-46). Springer London. Paniagua, F.A. and Yamada, A.M. eds., 2013.Handbook of multicultural mental health: Assessment and treatment of diverse populations. Academic Press. Taylor, M.A., 2013.The neuropsychiatric mental status examination. Elsevier. Townsend, M.C., 2014.Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis. Videbeck, S., 2013.Psychiatric-mental health nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Tigers Essays - Tigers, Fauna Of Asia, Biota, Tiger, Bengal Tiger

Tigers Tigers are descended from civet-like animals called niacis that lived during the age of the dinosaurs about 60 million years ago (Dang, 1994). These small mammals, with long bodies and short flexible limbs, evolved over millions of years into several hundred different species, including cats, bears, dogs and weasels. About 37 cat species exist today (Dang, 1994). Tigers evolved in eastern Asia , but it is not exact. Sabre-tooth tigers are not the ancestors of today's tigers. In fact, sabre-tooth tigers belonged to a separate branch of cat evolution which became extinct many millions of years ago. The Siberian or Amur tiger lives primarily in eastern Russia, and a few are found in northeastern China and northern North Korea. It is estimated that 437-506 Siberian tigers still exist in the wild (Tilson ,1995). About 490 captive Siberian tigers a re managed in zoo conservation programs (Tilson, 1995). The South China tiger is the most critically endnagered of all tiger subspecies. They are found in central and eastern China. It is estimated that only 20-30 South China tigers are left in the wild (Dang ,1994). Currently 48 South China tigers live in 19 zoos, all in China (Dang ,1994). The distribution of the Indochinese tiger is centered in Thailand, and is found in Myanmar, southern China, CAnbodia, Laos, Vietnam, and penisular Malaysia. About 1,180- 1,790 Indochines tigers are left in the wild and about 60 live in zoos (Tilson, 1995). Bengal tigers live in India, and some range through Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar. The estimated wild population is approzimately 3,060- 4,735 tigers, with about 333 in captivity, primarily in zoos in India (Dang, 1994). White tigers are just white-colored Bengal tigers. They ae not a separate subspecies of tiger, and they are no albinos. They have blue eyes, a pink nose, and creamy white fur with chocolate colored striipes, White tigers are only born when two tigers that both carry the unusual gene for white coloring mate, Wild white tigers are very rare, and todayt they can only be seen in zoos. The Sumatrain tiger is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. About 400-500 wild Sumatran tigers are believed to exist, primarily inthe island's five national parks (Dang, 1994). Another 235 Simatran tigers live in zoos around the world (Dang, 1994). Three tiger subspecies have been considered to become extinct in the past 70 years (Tilson ,1994). The Caspian tiger, known as the Panthera tigris virgata, once ranged in Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Mongolia, and Central Asiatic area of Russia and probably went extinct in the 1950's (Tilson, 1995). The Javan tiger, Panthera tigris sondaica, formerly ranged on the Indonesian island of Java and was last seen in 1972 (Tilson, 1995). The Bali tiger, Panthera tigris balica, once lived on Bali, where the last tiger was believed to have been killed in 1937 (Tilson, 1995). Tigers have social behavior. Adult tigers are solitary animal that establish their territories in areas with enough prey, cover and water to support them. The hardship of loating prey in tiger habitat makes it more efficient for tigers to hunt alone. As a result, they do not tend to form social groups like lions. A female tiger and her cubs are the exception to this, and will form a family group for 2 to 3 years, until the cubs are able to fend for themselves (Dang ,1994). The territory of a tiger usually ranges in size from about 10 to 30 square miles, although the territory of a Siberian tiger may be as large as 120 square miles (Tilson, 1995). Both male and female tigers spray bushes and trees along their route with amixture of urine and scent gland secretions. This is a way of declaring their territory. They also leave marks on trees, and urinate or leave droppongs in prominent places. Female tigers reach maturity when they area bout 3 years old and males reach it when they are a year or so later (Dang, 1994). In temperate climates, a tigress comes into heat only seasonally , but in tropical climates, she may come int heat throughtout the year. She signals her readiness with scent marking and locating roars. The brief act of copulaiton occurs continually for a five day period. Tigers